TAMAN NEGERI PERLIS

TAMAN NEGERI PERLIS

 

1.      Pengenalan

1.1.            Dikelilingi banjaran batu kapur berusia 500 juta tahun - tertua

i.               Exposed limestone

ii.             Sheltered limestone

iii.            Sepanjang banjaran Nakawan

iv.           36km - Banjaran Batu Kapur terpanjang di Malaysia

v.             Tebing-tebing curam

vi.           Dipanggil Formasi Batu Kapur Setul

vii.          Ciri-ciri

·        Heavily forested slopes

·        Sheer cliff faces / Streams

·        Extensive cave systems

1.2.            Seluas 5,015.12 hektar

1.3.            Iklim dan cuaca

i.               Udara bersih

ii.             Angin monsun selatan-barat (may-september)

iii.            Angin monsun utara-timur (oktober-april)

iv.           Hujan tahunan 1732mm - hujan lebat oktober & april hingga mei

v.             Hutan separuh luruh (semideciduous) / Meranti Gerutu Putih

·        Daun akan luruh pada musim kemarau

1.4.            Merangkumi

i.               Hutan Simpan Kekal Mata Ayer (2,156 hektar)

·        Nothern portion lies on granite and mudstone

·        Gunung Perlis

·        Gua Wang Burma

ii.             Hutan Simpan Kekal Wang Mu (2,859 hektar)

·        Dark-grey limestone of the Setul formation

iii.            Gua Kelam I & II (3.6km)

iv.           Bukit Rongkit

v.             Bukit Pelarit

·        432m tinggi

·        Terdapat 41 spesies orkid

1.5.            Objektif

i.               Perlindungan

ii.             Pemuliharaan

iii.            Penyelidikan

iv.           Pendidikan

v.             Rekreasi

2.      Kemudahan

2.1.            Penginapan

i.               14 unit chalet

ii.             Dua unit dormitori

iii.            Tapak perkhemahan

2.2.            lain-lain kemudahan

i.               Arena teruka

ii.             Pusat pelawat

iii.            Menara pandang* (akan diganti)

iv.           Denai intepretasi

v.             Dewan

vi.           Tandas

3.      Kelebihan

3.1.            Haiwan

i.               Beruk Kentoi (Maccaca artoides)

·        Also call Bear Macaque

·        Rare primate species

·        Has long, thick, dark brown fur covering its body

·        Reddish face and extremely short tail (3.2mm - 69mm), is hairless

·        Infants are born white and darken as they mature

·        As they age, their bright pink or red faces darken to brown or nearly black and lose a lot of their hair

·        Males larger than female (51.7 - 65cm long and 9.7 - 10.2kg weight)

·        Females (48.5 - 58.5cm and 7.5 - 9.1kg weight)

·        Generally found in subtropical and tropical broad leaf evergreen forests

·        Forages in the forest and along river banks for

-         Fruits

-         Seeds

-         Flowers

-         Birds and bird egg

-         Small animals

-         Leaves and roots

-         Hunts fresh water crabs

-         Frogs

-         insects

ii.             Kambing Gurun (Capricornis  sumatrensis)

·        Tergolong dalam keluarga Bavidae iaitu keluarga seladang dan lembu

·        Kecil daripada rusa tetapi besar daripada kijang

·        Warna bulu yang hitam dengan dengan hujungnya berwarna kelabu

·        Telinga seakan keldai

·        Kedua-dua jantina mempunyai tanduk

·        Mendiami bukit-bukit yang berbatu sama ada di kawasan tanah pamah, bukit atau kawasan gunung

·        Selalunya mencari makan di awal pagi dan lewat petang

·        Makanan utama daun-daun pokok seperti Ludai dan lumut-lumut yang terdapat di bahagian  batu-batu gua

·        Gemar berjemur di tempat-tempat terbuka di kawasan yang berbatu

iii.            Ungka tangan putih

·        Berat badan antara 5-6kg (jantan)

·        Berat badan antara 4.5-5.5kg (betina)

·        Dua warna yang nyata

-         Kelabu kehitaman

-         Perang keemasan

·        Tidak mempunyai ekor dan tangan lebih panjang daripada badan

·        Tangan dan kaki berwarna putih

·        Mempunyai pundi udara di bawah pipi (keluarkan bunyi dalam aktiviti sahut menyahut)

·        Mendiami di kawasan kanopi pokok yang paling atas (emergen) di dalam hutan tanah pamah, hutan bukit dan hutan bukit tinggi

·        Boleh melompat dari satu dahan ke dahan lain sejauh 10 meter

·        Bergerak perlahan ketika memjat pokok dan makan

·        Mengamalkan monogami

·        Boleh hidup selama 25 tahun di hutan belantara

·        Tempoh kehamilan selama 7 bulan

iv.           Dusky leaf monkey (monyet muka putih)

v.             Beruang (Helarctos malayanus)

vi.           4 spesies kucing

·        Kucing akar

vii.          32 spesies kelawar

viii.        Kongkang

ix.           Kancil

x.             Five new species of butterfly from genus Muda (Zaidi et al.2001b)

xi.           Malayan tapir

xii.          Leopard

xiii.        211 spesies burung* (130 spesies - DWNP,1993; Gregory Smith, 1995; Sharma, 1992; Noramly and kanda Kumar, 2002; Shahrul Anuar Mohd. Sah et al., 2001, 2002; Sharma et al., 1996)

·        Crimson-winged woodpecker

·        Scarlet-rumped trogon

·        Whiskered tree-swift

·        Oriental bay owl

·        Greater spotted eagle

·        Large-green pigeon

·        Blue-banded kingfisher

·        Brown-chested jungle-flycatcher

·        Six species of hornbills

·        Oriental honey buzzard (Chuping sugar cane plantation)

·        Swiftlet

·        Indian roller

·        Siberians stonechats

·        Sand or pale martins

·        Osprey

·        Kestrel

·        Butterfly lizzards

·        Blyth’s hawk

·        Swallow species

-         Striated swallows

-         Red-rumped swallow

·        Banded kingfisher

·        Ferruginous flycatcher

·        Grey-breasted spiderhunters

·        Many-lined sun skink

·        Forest wagtails

·        Banded pitta

·        Rufous-collared kingfisher

·        Pheasant-tailed jacang

·        Racket-tailed treepie

·        16 species of Cicadas (riang-riang) - new records for Perlis (Zaidi et al.2001a)

3.2.            Tumbuhan

i.               Pokok Bogok (Cycas clivicola)

·        From the jurassic age

·        Family of cycads

ii.             Pokok Malut

iii.            Tectaria Shahidannania

iv.           Lekir atau Rafflesia of Perlis (Amorphophallus campanulata)

·        One of the world tallest inflorescene

v.             Halia hutan

vi.           Sehelai setahun (Nervilice punctata)

vii.          Paku-pakis

viii.        Pokok tai

ix.           Pokok tui (Cymbidium iandofolium hook)

x.             Balsam

xi.           Misai kucing (Paphiopedilium niveum)

xii.          51 species of mosses - new records for Perlis (Ahmad Damanhuri & Haja Maiden 2001)

xiii.        Pinnatella calcutensis - new records for Peninsular Malaysia (Ahmad Damanhuri & Haja Maiden 2001)

xiv.        Tetrastigma - new records for Malaysia

xv.         102 spesis orkid

·        Acampe rigida

·        Eria ornata

·        62 species in 20 genera - new records for Perlis

·        Nine species and one genus (Panisea) - new records for Malaysia

·        90% of new records collected from near the

-         Malaysian-Thailand border

-         Gunung Perlis

xvi.        Climbing bamboo (Dinochloa) - Mata Ayer Forest

3.3.            Gunung Perlis

i.               Ketinggian 733 meter dari aras laut

ii.             Titik pemisah sempadan antarabangsa; kedudukan paling utara

3.4.            Gua Wang Burma

i.               Anak sungai di dasar gua

ii.             800 meter panjang

iii.            Divided into two main sections

·        Upper passage

-         Interesting passage with majestic limestone formation

-         Home to bats and famous for guano deposits used by locals as fertilizers

·        Lower passage

-         More adventurous

-         Trail leads to narrow, wet and muddy chambers and passages

-         Must crawl or squeeze through small crevices to access river passages and chambers with beautiful water-worn sculptures

iv.           Gua batu kapur berusia 500 juta tahun

·        Pembentukan gorpal

·        Stalatit

·        Stalamit

·        Lain-lain

3.5.            Gua Kelam I

i.               Is a tunnel through the hill (short cut by the miners)

ii.             25 mines in operation (1960)

iii.            Old railway lines

·        Suspended over deep drops

·        Across deep pools

·        Covered with glutinous mud

·        Literally hanging by a thread

iv.           Hooks protuding from the walls

v.             Cables

vi.           Large metal pipes and sluice gates

vii.          Stone walls

viii.        Old machinery

ix.           Mining relics are already covered in calcite

x.             Wooden props are covered with fungus

3.6.            Gua Kelam II (3748m)) - 2000hektar (longest cave in Peninsular Malaysia)

i.               Gua batu kapur Formasi Setul

ii.             Gua batu kapur kedua terpanjang di semenanjung

iii.            Perlombongan bijih timah (abad ke 30an)

iv.           Jambatan kayu

v.             Dijadikan sebagai Muzium Semulajadi untuk pembelajaran (RM9 juta-RMK8)

vi.           Beroperasi pada hari Selasa hingga Ahad (8.00pagi - 5.00 petang)

vii.          Artifak perlombongan

·        Laluan letupan (400 meter)

·        Landasan dari besi dan kayu untuk troli-troli bijih

·        Telaga

·        Saluran air

·        Pagar sempadan konsesi

·        Artifak bekalan elektrik

·        Metal pipes covered in calcite

viii.        Galeri berkaitan perlombongan

·        Koleksi artifak

·        Bahan sejarah

ix.           Keretapi mini dengan 10 gerabak(20 orang)

·        Selama 30 minit

·        Jarak 400 meter

x.             Laluan interpretasi gua (1.5km)

·        Jalan diatas simen, tanah dan laluan anak sungai

·        Melihat landasan untuk troli-troli bijih dibina dari besi dan kayu

·        Melihat laluan dibina dari batu-batuan

·        Pembinaan pintu gerbang oleh pelombong (tanda kawasan sempadan)

xi.           Pelbagai jenis binatang seperti

·        Kelawar

·        Ular

·        Labah-labah

·        Aneka serangga dan lain-lain

xii.          Kemudahan asas

·        Pondok rehat

·        Bangku rehat

·        Tandas

·        Dewan tertutup

·        Kafeteria

·        Tapak perkhemahan (80 orang)

xiii.        Aktiviti-aktiviti yang dijalankan

·        Menaiki keretapi mini

·        Ekspedisi jelajah gua (berkumpulan)

·        Perkhemahan

·        Abseiling

·        Penyelidikan berkaitan arkeologi dan sejarah

xiv.        Kadar bayaran

·        Bayaran masuk dewasa (RM2.00)

·        Bayaran masuk kanak-kanak bawah 18 tahun (RM1.00)

·        Kamera seunit (RM5.00)

·        Perakam video seunit (RM10.00)

·        Membuat filem komersial/dokumentari setiap sesi (RM200.00)

·        Permit penyelidikan (RM50.00)

·        Perkhemahan

-         Berkhemah seorang sehari untuk dewasa (RM2.00)

-         Berkhemah seorang sehari untuk kanak-kanak (RM1.00)

-         Sewa kawasan setiap khemah bagi satu malam (RM10.00)

-         Dobi setiap khemah (RM6.00)

·        Juru pandu - 10 pelawat setiap juru pandu kurang 4 jam (RM40.00)

·        Juru pandu - bermalam (RM20.00)

·        Pengangkutan barang setiap hari tetapi tidak bermalam (RM40.00)

·        Dewan tertutup - setiap jam (RM10.00)

·        Keretapi untuk dewasa (RM5.00)

·        Keretapi untuk kanak-kanak bawah 18 tahun (RM3.00)

3.7.            Tasik Meranti

i.               Dikelilingi bukit batu kapur

ii.             Air terjun Lata Kasih setinggi 70 kaki

iii.            Sekurang-kurangnya terdapat 56 spesies alga (Ahmad Ismail et al. 2001)

3.8.            Peralatan

i.               Light clothing

ii.             Forest gear

iii.            Caving-gear

iv.           Head-torches or torchlight

v.             Spare batteries

vi.           Topi

vii.          Pakaian sukan

viii.        Insect repellent

ix.           Spare bulb

x.             Sturdy trekking boot / Sport shoes

xi.           Personal first aid kit

xii.          Camera

xiii.        Binocular

xiv.        Water bottle

xv.         Day pack

3.9.            Pekan Nat Wang Kelian* (sempadan akan dibuka)

3.10.        Menara Kayangan * (akan diganti)

3.11.        Access

i.               From north-south highway

ii.             Take the Alor Setar Utara exit and follow the signboards to Kangar using Route 7

iii.            Alternatively, exit via Changlun and take Changlun-Kuala Perlis highway

iv.           From Kangar, continue the Route 7 heading towards Padang Besar

v.             About 15km or so from Kangar, you’ll pass Timah Tasoh lake on the left

vi.           Will see a turning on the left with a signboard saying “Gua Kelam 8.5km”

vii.          Take turning and from then onwards head for Kaki Bukit

viii.        About 5 to 10 minutes, you will reach Kaki Bukit town

ix.           From here, turn right and you will be on Route 15

x.             You will be climbing uphill along a windy road

xi.           Keep on this road which will take you to the top of a ridge and down again on the other side

xii.          Bottom of the ridge, at kampung Wang Kelian, there is a T-junction

xiii.        Turn right and after about 3km you will see the Park Visitor Centre on your right

3.12.        Perlis tin mining

i.               Gua Kelam II (3748mm) – longest cave in Peninsular Malaysia

ii.             Gua Kelam I

·        Is a tunnel through the hill (short cut by the miners to Wang Tangga)

·        25 mines in operation (1960)

iii.            History

·        Began with a Malay entrepreneur name Nanyan (Thai national)

-               Started mining in the Sungai Pelarit (late 18th century)

-               Sold off their mines to a Chinese mining company (Kong Fatt Company)

-               Using the conventional methods of open cast mines

·        Loh Seng Heng

-               Oldest mining families in Kaki Bukit

-               Ended up owning four to five mines

·        Sir J. Campbell (Englishman) and Mr. E. Graf (Swiss)

-               Brought modern methods of mining

-               Mined in the area for more than 30 years

-               The mines were closed during the Japanese occupation

·        Loh Ah Tong

-               Assistant of Sir J. Campbell

-               Resumed the operations of the mines left behind by Sir J. Campbell

-               Son of Long Seng Heng

-               Build up a tin mining empire and became a prominent leader in the mining community

-               Become the pillars of society in Kaki Bukit

-               About 600 members of the Loh family still residing in Kaki Bukit

·        How tin-ore (cassiterite) enters caves

-               Hidden treasure (difficult to find in the darkness of the caves)

-               Formed by the mineralisation process (limestone and molten granite come into contact)

-               Source of tin bearing alluvium (contact between limestone and granite at the Bukit China Granite Formation)

-               Limestone comes into contact with molten granite and the leeching effects of streams and rivers lead to accumulation in pockets

-               Streams that flowed throught the area picked up sedimentts rich in cassiterite and deposited the tin ore in wangs and caves

-               Heavier ore would fill up cavities in caves (over thousand of years) - known as cassiterite or tin ore pockets

-               Some pockets were a few feet deep and rich in ore content, whilst some were just a few inches thick

-               The alluvial material deposited in these wangs was extracted using the normal gravel-pump methods of conventional aboveground opencasts mining techniques commonly used other parts of the country

-               This method was employed in Wang Tangga and other above ground areas

·        The wangs of Perlis

-               The areas of Wang Kelian, Wang Tangga, Wang Mu and the rivers and caves around these places were famous for the high tin-ore production in the late 19th and early 20th century

-               Wang Tangga contained bigger expanse of alluvium compared to Wang Kelian; heavily mined until 1961; Tasik Meranti is the remmant of a mining pool

-               Wang Mu contained underground passages that were blasted and tin trailings flushed out to open palongs to be panned manually; in 1938, a cassiterite pocket, which contained 90% tin-ore was found

·        Mining methods

-               Cave sediments rich in tin ore filled in sacks known as ‘Karang Timah’; Carried outside the mines to be broken, washed and cleaned; Wooden structures called palongs were built outside the cave to separated tin-ore;water and the sluice containing mud, san and tin ore to flow over it, as tin ore is heavier it flows at a slower pace and remains on the palong; Can be done by dulang-washers

-               In the larger mines, generators and mechanical pumps were placed outside the cave entrance to pump and channel water to the working surface within thecave mines; the rocks, sand and mud were sluiced using the force of water; the washing were then pumped out of the cave for processing to the palongs at the cave entrance; in cases where the deposits were too hard to be sluiced with water, it was mined using pick and shvel and carried out manually, or in some sections of the cave, rail carts and trolleys were used; Makeshift palongs were also built in the larger chambers of the cave; water was channeled to the palongs using pumps; water storage tanks were built in the cave; in some sections, the use of vertical pumps allowed water to be recycled from one storage tank or abandoned tin-ore pocket to another as the search for tin ore led the miners deeper into the caves